Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin.
The United States National Forensic Laboratory estimates fentanyl reports by federal, state, and local forensic laboratories increased from 4,697 reports in 2014 to 117,045 reports in 2020. Fentanyl constitutes the majority of all drug overdose deaths in the United States since it overtook heroin in 2018. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the United States, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. While prescription opioid deaths remained stable from 2011 to 2021, synthetic opioid deaths increased from 2,600 overdose deaths per year to 70,601 per year across the same period. įentanyl continues to fuel an epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. As of 2017, fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in medicine in 2019, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions. In 2015, 1,600 kilograms (3,500 pounds) were used in healthcare globally. įentanyl was first synthesized by Paul Janssen in 1959 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968. Naloxone (also known as Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose however, because fentanyl is so potent, multiple doses might be necessary. Alcohol and other drugs (i.e., cocaine and heroin) can synergistically exacerbate fentanyl's side effects.
Pharmaceutical fentanyl's adverse effects resemble those of other narcotic opioids, including addiction, confusion, respiratory depression (which, if extensive and untreated, may lead to arrest), drowsiness, nausea, visual disturbances, dyskinesia, hallucinations, delirium, a subset of the latter known as "narcotic delirium", analgesia, narcotic ileus, muscle rigidity, constipation, loss of consciousness, hypotension, coma, and death. įentanyl is also commonly known as fentanyl citrate and is sold under the brand name Sublimaze, among others. įentanyl works by activating mu-opioid receptors. Depending on the method of delivery, fentanyl can be very fast acting and ingesting a relatively small quantity can cause overdose. Because fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgical operations. Fentanyl, also spelled fentanil, is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid drug primarily used as an analgesic.
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